Sustainable Agriculture

Sustainable Agriculture Alley Croping (Tanaman Lorong)

         Some research indicates that this system is very effective in controlling erosion. In the Philippines, Alley cropping can reduce erosion by 69%, which made up 48% due to the effect of the closure of the soil by mulching, 8% are caused by changes in soil profiles and 4% by planting contour (Brata, 1995). In Indonesia, the system is believed to be effective in controlling erosion, can increase the productivity of the soil and plants, and can be adopted by farmers in dry land on the cultivation of maize. (Sukmana and Suwardjo, 1991)

          Cultivation hall (alley cropping) is one of the soil and water conservation techniques that have long been introduced for the development of sustainable agricultural systems on dry land or slope, but has not been applied widely by farmers. Dry land or sloping land is a natural resource that has a great chance to be utilized optimally. Alley cropping is one of agroforestry systems to plant seasonal crops or food crops between alleys formed by hedgerows of trees or shrubs. Hedgerows trimmed periodically during planting to avoid nutrient shade and reduce competition with food crops / seasonal. Lorong planting (alley cropping) is done with the short-lived crops, such as corn among the array of plants that can grow tall and aged yearly, for example sengon. Trimmings from the hedgerows (sengon) can be used as mulch that is expected to contribute to the plant nutrients, especially nitrogen hallway.

Planting System advantages (Alley Cropping)

           Dry land conservation is important to do because the land is quite extensive and can not be used optimally in order to improve the welfare of society. To get optimal results need to be a combination of other techniques, mainly to store water to meet the water needs of seasonal crops during a severe drought such as creating ponds, and rorak. Corn water needs did reltif little but if the drought lasts longer then the growth is less than optimal. Water results of shelter during the rainy season can be used for watering plants above if necessary. Alley cropping is a combination of annual crops (fencing) and seasonal crops are done in a way that can benefit the ecological, economic, and social. Alley cropping system advantages:

a. Ecology

Can contribute organic matter and nutrients, especially nitrogen to plants hallway, reduce weeds, increase the absorption of ground water and increase soil moisture, reducing the rate of runoff and erosion when hedgerows were planted in the meeting according to the contour lines, the wind can be minimized so that the crops remain in the condition good, and improve biological diversity and agro-ecosystem balance.

b. Economics

Saving the cost of land preparation because it is not necessary to piracy for loosening the soil, reducing fertilizer costs by using hedge plant leaves to be used as compost or mulch, and annual tree branches can be used as firewood.

c. Social

Can improve food security for a growing number of production resulting from this alley cropping system. Besides unemployment can be reduced because the alley cropping system requires a lot of labor in planting and maintenance.

Alley cropping system weaknesses (Alley Cropping)

          Weaknesses that lead to technical difficulties in the implementation and maintenance constraints for sustainability and dissemination of technology adoption by farmers cultivating hallway. Often the development activities in the application of soil and water conservation technologies require expensive beyond the financial capacity of farmers to help finance issued upon application of such technologies would be useless because it is not followed by ongoing maintenance effort. Although the application of cultivation techniques aisle have been reported to reduce the level of damage to agricultural land by erosion, scientists ethics can motivate berfalsafah menalarnya ability to think about the development of science for the improvement of technologies that can facilitate technology users get maximum benefit as a result of adopting these technologies.

Some obstacles implementation of cultivation by farmers widely hall, among others:

a. Hedgerows take approximately 5-15% of the area that is normally used for food crops / main crop. To that end, efforts must be made so that hedges can provide immediate results. This can be done for example by using sengon as a hedge plant.

b. The slow growth of hedge rows (Hedgerows) on marginal land, leading to less effective hedge row function to inhibit runoff and erosion, the difficulty of maintenance and handling pruned hedges.

c. Often there is competition between the hedges with the main plant to obtain nutrients, water, and light. The fix is ​​to trim hedges regularly so that root growth is also limited.

d. Sometimes it happens influence of residues and the development of pests or plant diseases that can interfere with the fence food crops.

e. The manpower required for the establishment and maintenance of hedgerows is quite high.

f. Excess water when it rains which have not been infiltrated often still wasted through the left boundary line of beds and / or SPA on the patio or terrace gulud bench. Excess water if concentrated in a single stream, potentially erode the soil. To maximum water infiltration into the soil can be done by adding crop residues, litter, clipping a hedge into the terrace channel, rorak, or into holes of water infiltration. This technique is known as vertical mulching.

Tomato Cultivation

Tomato Cultivation Technology

Teknologi Budidaya Tomat    

         Organic farming is a holistic production systems and integrated farming, which optimizes the health and productivity of agro-ecosystems naturally, so as to produce food and fiber are sufficient, qualified, and sustainability. Tecnichal of organic farming is a farming technique that is safe, sustainable and good for farmers and This consumer. When organic waste in the form of crop residue (straw, Tebon and other crops) are not returned to the land but it is advisable to be burned (so practical) resulting in nutrient cycling in ecosystems trimming agriculture. Material rest of the crops or other organic waste must be used or returned to the farm so that we can be sustainable farm production so that sustainable agricultural systems can be realized. Reform effort farming on marginal land is not done, but it is difficult to do by farmers who have settled many years in the land. Actually, in the past, agricultural development focus more on increasing productivity and production, the supply of agricultural technology for marginal land is relatively less compared to more productive land, such as land. Many criticisms leveled that in the past agricultural development, which gives more focus is given on irrigated land. Provision of more technology for wetland and land obtain adequate rainfall for crop cultivation and livestock raising. Tomato plant is one of the horticultural crops of high economic value, for it is a good way to grow tomatoes need to be considered. How to grow tomatoes need to be intensified so that optimal production. Tomato plants including multipurpose commodities, in addition to functioning as vegetables and fruits, tomatoes are also used as a basic ingredient of cosmetics and medicines. Based on the type of growth, tomato plants can be divided into two (2), namely the determinate and indeterminate. Determinate types have short stature plants, bunches of flowers located in each segment as well as at the end of the stem of the plant. Meanwhile, indeterminate types have posture tall plants, bunches of flowers lies alternate between sections 2-3, the end of the tomato plants grow young shoots. Indeterminate tomato plants bear large type.

            Tomato plants need rainfall between 100-220 Mm / rain with optimal altitude 100-1000 masl. Sunlight intensity ranging between 10-12 hours per day. The optimal temperature ranges tomato plant growth 25-30 ° C, while the flowering process requires a night temperature of 15-20 ° C. The water is needed by tomato plants for 90% of the content of the tomatoes consists of water. Tomato planting site should not former land sefamili tomato plants or crops. Minimal already diberakkan for 2 years in order to obtain optimal results. Soil pH measurements needed to determine the amount of the provision of agricultural lime on acid soils or low pH (below 6.5). Measurements can use litmus paper, pH meter or pH fluid tester. Intake of sample points can be done in a zigzag. Techniques of organic farming is a farming technique that is safe, sustainable and mensejahterahkan this Consumer. When farmers and organic waste in the form of crop residue (straw, other crops) are not returned to the land but it is advisable to be burned (so practical) resulting in cuts nutrient cycling in ecosystems agriculture. Material rest of the crops or other organic waste should be used or returned to the farm so that we can be sustainable farm production so that sustainable agricultural systems can be realized.

         Plant Maintenance At Stitching Tomato Cultivation of tomato cultivation is done until the age of 2 weeks tomato plants. Tomato plants are too old if they continue embroidered resulted in growth is not uniform, effect on pest and disease control. Cuting leaves side shoots of tomato plants is done until the establishment of the branch, either the main branch, the branch of the second, third and so on top of the main branch. So, on top of the main branch, the branch is maintained productive branches. Cuting leaves side shoots done at all shoots that come out in the axillary, well below the main branches or under the branches productive. Cuting leaves buds below the main branch aims to stimulate vegetative growth of plants that grow tomato plants built, in addition, it also keeps moisture tomatsaat crop plants are grown, while Cuting leaves shoots under branches aimed at keeping humidity productive tomato plants and optimize production. Cuting leaves of tomato plants under the main branch carried out when the tomato plant canopy has covered all over the bottom leaf, the leaf is not currently function optimally, it is very unpopular plant pests and diseases. Cuting leaves are also made for old leaf / disease. 

         

            Stages Tomato Cultivation In Organic Basically tomato plant in a conventional manner and the same organic are identified during any maintenance. If planted in the conventional use of synthetic chemicals while organic tomato farming using organic ingredients. Cultivate tomato plants should be prepared by the matters as follows: 

         The selection of planting area to plant what it takes definite acreage or land because it is a basic requirement for the plant. But to grow organic tomatoes to note is not watery or muddy soil for tomato plants do not like to excessive water. The nature of land suitable for organic tomatoes plant is ground ... with a pH of 5.5 to 6.5, when planting tomatoes are suitable then tomatoes planted in sandy loam soil that is well infiltration. But if want results or targets in the total amount of production is high, then the suitable soil is clay loam soil and clay dust. Existing soil manure or compost so that the soil becomes loose and fertile. 

        Seed selection tomato plants bred with seeds, then we need to prepare the beans are ready for planting. To get tomato seeds can we get in farm shops because there are already available ready-made tomato seeds with good quality and have been packaged well too. But the bias we prepare the seed itself, namely by: tomatoes that have been cooked and healthy let the really old in the tree, after being picked leave it for two or three days until chapped and juicy fruit. Then separate the seeds from the other. Wash tomatoes with water, after the it dry. The dried seeds can be stored in containers dry cans or bottles. Tomato seeds ready disemikan, the remaining seeds are stored in dry and cool place. 

         Tomato seedlings propagated by seeds, seeded first placed in a container and placed in a shaded area. A month later the seeds that have sprouted it necessary diindah (weaned) to the planting of the other as an exercise for young plant after seedling height of 10 cm, the new ready to be moved to land that already exist. 

         Planting dilakuakan when the crop was about 3 weeks at weaning and removal should be done in the afternoon. Stages planter is as follows: 1. Prepare the seed to be planted 2. remove the seeds from the roof planted with care, keep the roots are not damaged 3. Seedlings planted in the upright position. Then the hole is closed by the surrounding soil and pressed a little bit. Once the young plants are protected with a covering sheet banana stem. 4. Flush the plant in the morning and evening by using embrat. e. Maintenance To get the maximum, then the plants after planting should receive attention and maintenance so that the plants grow to a maximum bias. Maintenance should be done is as follows: - Watering Because tomato plants do not like excessive water then watering the plants should be considered not to plant most water. To anticipate it should be watering in organic tomato plants should be done twice a day ie morning and afternoon. - Stitching Stitching aims to replace dead plants, withered, broken or slow growth. replanting should be done because the plants are dead, wilted or damaged will be allowed to interfere with other plants. So the plants are dead, wilted or damaged must be destroyed. - Pengajiran Pengajiran done with the goal of tomato plants can grow upright, because the tomato plants have stems that are less strong. Additionally useful to facilitate the maintenance and fruit picking. - Fertilization Like other plants fertilization is needed on tomato plants. Fertilisation can use organic fertilizer in the form of compost or pet feces are really ripe. Fertilization is given on the lines around the plant. - Weeding, clean the grass and up the ground should do simultaneously with the time of fertilization. The tools used are small hoe or trowel (kored) After weeding and repairing plots plants, soil should be covered with dry leaves or straw, the benefits obtained with this ground cover include:. reduce water evaporation. keeping the soil remains loose. reducing the growth of grass. prevent soil crust which can inhibit the entry of air. avoid damaging the flower or fruit from the dirt ground. - Eradication of pests or diseases To combat the pest can use biopesticida or use biofungicida we can get in stores or make your own organic farm. - Pruning Pruning aims to reduce the number of buds and stems pusuk, so that the development bias maxsimum. cuting plant his usual there are three kinds: young shoots pruning, trimming and pruning stems of flowers or fruit. f. Organic tomato harvesting within 3 months we were able to enjoy the results. 

         Conclusion. From the above discussion it can be concluded that: 1. Organic farming is a holistic production systems and integrated farming, which optimizes the health and productivity of agro-ecosystems naturally, so as to produce sufficient food and fiber, quality, and sustainability. Techniques of organic farming is a farming technique that is safe, sustainable and mensejahterahkan farmers and consumers. 2. Basically grow tomatoes in a conventional manner and the same organic are identified during any maintenance. If planted in the conventional use of synthetic chemicals while organic tomato farming using organic ingredients 3. Organic farming is based on a number of principles, namely the principles of health, ecology principles, the principle of fairness, and the principle of protection.